A ShortCourse Book
The Textbook of Digital Photography (2nd edition)

The Textbook of Digital Photography (2nd edition)

The Textbook of Digital Photography (2nd edition)

This comprehensive, almost encyclopedic, illustrated and animated text on all aspects of digital photography is used in hundreds of schools. As shown in the contents below it introduces you to the entire panorama of digital photography, from buying a camera to hanging your photos in a gallery or posting them on a Web site. There has never been a more exciting time to be learning about photography, or a more interesting book to learn from! This text is available as a traditional 294 page large-format (8.5 by 11) spiral bound book printed in black and white with 16 pages of color, and as a full-color, fully searchable PDF eBook you can order on a CD. The eBook version is a powerful teaching and learning tool because embedded in its pages are 90 clickable links that integrate animations, movies, audio, other documents, and links to Web sites that bring to life the core concepts of digital photography.

 
Finally, a comprehensive, almost encyclopedic, eBook on all aspects of digital photography, already used in hundreds of schools as the basic textbook on digital photography. This brand new full-color, fully searchable PDF eBook can be displayed on any computer using Adobe's free Acrobat reader. This text introduces you to the entire panorama of digital photography from buying a camera to hanging your photos in a gallery or posting them on a Web site. There has never been a more exciting time to be learning about photography, or a more interesting book to learn from! This text introduces the entire panorama of digital photography and includes the following topics:
  • Digital cameras and digital images (Chapter 1)
  • Digital workflow (Chapter 2)
  • Camera controls and creative photography (Chapters 3-6)
  • Flash and studio lighting (Chapter 7-8)
  • Sharing and displaying digital images (Chapter 9-10)
  • Exploring beyond the standard still image (Chapter 11)
The breadth and coverage of the book is incredible, beginning with the development of the CCD image sensor and ending with the latest and hottest topics such as how to create photo blogs, display slide shows on the TV and digital photoframes, print large posters or books of your images, put images on maps to show their locations, or create panoramic, stereo, or moving lenticular prints. No matter how much you already know there will be new things to discover. Here is what just a few reviewers of the first edition said:
  • I've looked over all the books available, and have found yours to be most impressive.
  • I have read several chapters ... and I am very impressed, the scope of it is amazing and very thorough and well-written.
  • Your materials are wonderful!
This text is actually the culmination of three decades of being an editor, author, and publisher of both books and Web sites in the fields of photography and computers. In my role as an editor, I worked with Ansel Adams and was responsible in a small way for his shifting his books to Little Brown. (This story is told on the ShortCourses site on the page Ansel Adams and Me). In my roles as both editor and author I have been fortunate to publish or write many best-selling books in photography including:
  • Photography by Upton & Upton (now London, Upton, Kobre, and Brill) was drawn from the Life Library of Photography and has dominated the introductory college course in photography since its publication. A beautifully done but very expensive book.
  • Photojournalism by Ken Kobre has been the leading college textbook in photojournalism for a number of years now.
  • The Darkroom Handbook, my first book, immediately became a standard in the field and remains in print after 30 years.

Preface

Not long ago the course title "Digital Photography" implied a course on Photoshop. As digital cameras have become increasingly popular, the introductory course has also gone digital so you are now introduced to photography using a digital camera. As this new era of digital photography matures, it won't be long before the "digital" in "digital photography" becomes redundant. It will be assumed, because that is the way almost all photography will be done. One of the primary reasons for this rapid movement from film to digital imaging is that photography is embedded in a world that has gone digital. To take full advantage of the digital world in which we live, photographs also need to be digital. For awhile, capturing images on film and then scanning them into a digital format was a solution. However, this process is expensive and time consuming. Digital cameras remove those impediments and capture images that are already in a universally recognizable digital format that makes them easy to display and share. You can insert digital photographs into word processing documents or PowerPoint presentations, print them on almost any material, send them by e-mail, integrate them into slide shows to be played on the TV, post them on a Web site where anyone in the world can see them—even have them laser-etched into glass or granite. A digital camera, a computer, and a high-speed Internet connection make each of us a member of an ever-expanding network or community of photographers and viewers.

Just as digital images make it easy to integrate photos into many of the other things we do, digital technology makes it easy to add cameras to other devices. One of the current trends is to embed cameras into cell phones and other mobile devices. With just a push of a few buttons, you can snap a picture and immediately e-mail it or post it on a Web site. It won't be long before there are digital cameras everywhere, all the time. What impact this will have on our photography remains to be seen, but if history is any indicator, people will soon be discovering practical, creative, and even artistic ways to use these new tools.

Changes in technology always open new opportunities and present approaches that change the way images look and are used. For example, the introduction of the 35mm Leica in the 1930s was a revolutionary change that made it easier to capture fast-moving action. Images became more spontaneous and fluid, a far cry from the more formally posed images required by much larger and more awkward cameras. Smaller cameras allowed photographers to discretely capture life on the street and people in motion, without modifying the flow of action by his or her simple presence. Reality could be captured unchanged and unposed. With cameras built into almost all cell phones in the near future, an even larger impact is possible.

Although it's both the immediacy and flexibility of digital photography that has made it so popular, there is one aspect that is rarely mentioned. This is the new freedom it gives you to explore creative photography. In the 1870s when William Henry Jackson carried 20 x 24 glass plate negatives around the West on a mule, you can bet he hesitated before he took a photograph. He had to set up a darkroom, coat a glass plate, expose the image, develop the negative and then take down and repack all of the gear. We may not be carrying window-sized glass plates, but you and I also hesitate before taking a picture. We're always doing a mental calculation "is it worth it?" Subconsciously we're running down a checklist of costs, times, effort, and so on. During that "decisive moment," the image is often lost or we fail to try new things. We lose the opportunity for creative growth and choose to stay with the familiar that has delivered for us in the past. Surprisingly, Jackson had one big advantage we've lost over the last century. If an image didn't turn out, or if he was out of glass plates, he could just scrape the emulsion off a previously exposed negative, recoat the plate, and try again. Digital photography not only eliminates that nagging "is it worth it?" question, it also returns us to that era of endlessly reusable film (and we don't need a mule to carry it). Hand the camera to the kids, take weird and unusual angles, shoot without looking through the viewfinder, and ignore all previously held conceptions about how to take photographs. You may be surprised at the photos you get if you exploit this new era of uninhibited shooting.

Digital cameras are only a few years old, and we are only at the dawn of this new era. Where it will lead no one really knows, but it's exciting to play a part in this dramatically changing world. As you begin to explore the field, you will be awash in technical jargon. Most of it can be safely ignored. To show how some things never change, here is what Jacob Deschin, the photographic editor of the New York Times, wrote in 1952 about the earlier era when the Leica revolutionized photography:

"When 35mm was in full flower in this country-in the miniature's golden Thirties-photographers in the new medium became "experts" overnight, full of tall talk about small grain and big enlargements. They had to, in self defence, for in those early days of the miniature it seemed important to be technically hep, at least in conversation. Never mind the pictures! In spite of much hokum, much good came to the surface, survived the babel and exerted an influence that has since benefitted all photography."

Contents

Cover ...i
ShortCourses and PhotoCourse Publishing Programs ...ii
Using this Text in the Classroom ...iii
Preface ...iv
Contents ...vi
List of Animations & Extensions ...viii

Chapter 1
Digital Cameras & Images ...9

In the Beginning ...10
Digital Photography—The Past and the Future ...12
Why Go Digital? ...14
Types of Digital Cameras ...15
Jump Start—Taking Photos with Full Auto Mode ...19
Camera Controls ...21
Composing Images ...22
Capturing Images ...25
Continuous Photography ...26
Playback Mode ...27
When Things Go Wrong ...28
Image Sensors—Introduction ...29
Image Sensors—Types ...30
Image Sensors—Image Size ...31
Image Sensors—Sizes and Aspect Ratios ...35
Image Sensors—Sensitivity and Noise ...37
Image Sensors—It's All Black and White After All ...38
Image Sensors—Cleaning ...41

Chapter 2
Digital Workflow ...42

Digital Workflow ...43
Image Formats ...44
In-Camera Image Storage Devices ...48
How Photos Are Stored in your Camera and Computer ...50
Transferring Images...53
Storing Images—On Your System ...56
Storing Images—On the Road ...59
Organizing Your Photo Files ...60
Image Managers ...61
Evaluating Your Images—Basics ...66
Evaluating Your Images—Histograms ...69
Photo-editing—Global Editing ...73
Photo-editing—Local Editing...78
Color Management—Color Models and Color Spaces ...80
Color Management—The Workflow ...82

Chapter 3
Controlling Exposure ...85

The Importance of Exposure ...86
How Exposure Affects Your Images ...87
Exposure Controls—The Shutter and Aperture ...88
Exposure Controls—Why So Many Choices? ...89
Exposure Modes ...90
Using Scene Specific Exposure Modes ...91
The Shutter Controls Light and Motion ...92
The Aperture Controls Light and Depth of Field ...95
Using Shutter Speed and Aperture Together ...97
How Your Exposure System Works ...99
When Automatic Exposure Works Well ...103
When to Override Automatic Exposure ...104
How Overriding Autoexposure Works ...108
How to Override Automatic Exposure ...109

Chapter 4
Controlling Sharpness ...112

Eliminating Blur From Camera Movement ...113
Image Stabilization ...115
Increasing Sensitivity (ISO) ...116
Sharpness Isn't Everything ...117
How to Photograph Motion Sharply ...118
Focusing—The Plane of Critical Focus ...120
Focusing—Focus Areas ...121
Focus—Techniques ...122
Depth of Field ...125
Circles of Confusion ...126
Controlling Depth of Field ...127
Using Maximum Depth of Field ...128
Using Shallow Depth of Field ...130
Conveying the Feeling of Motion ...131

Chapter 5
Capturing Light & Color ...132

Where Does Color Come From? ...133
White Balance ...134
Color Balance and Time of Day ...138
Sunsets and Sunrises ...139
Weather ...141
Photographing at Night ...143
The Direction of Light ...145
The Quality of Light ...147

Chapter 6
Understanding Lenses ...149

Introduction to Lenses ...150
Understanding Focal Lengths ...151
Zoom Lenses ...154
Normal Focal Lengths ...155
Short Focal Lengths ...156
Long Focal Lengths ...158
Portraits and Focal Length ...160
Macro Mode and Macro Lenses ...161
Perspective in a Photograph ...163
Lens Accessories ...164

Chapter 7
On-camera Flash Photography ...165

Flash Power and Range ...166
Flash Sync and Shutter Speeds ...167
Autoflash ...168
Redeye Reduction ...169
Using Fill Flash ...170
Flash Off ...171
Using Slow Sync Flash ...172
Controlling Flash Exposures ...173
Using External Flash ...175
External Flash Accessories ...177

Chapter 8
Studio Photography ...178

Using Continuous Lights ...179
Using Strobes ...181
Connecting the Camera and Studio Lights ...182
Understanding Hard and Soft Light ...183
Using Fill Cards and Reflectors ...185
Using Diffusers ...187
Other Lighting Controls ...189
Putting it All Together-Exposure and White Balance ...190
Choosing a Background ...192
Positioning the Camera ...194
Portrait and Product Photography-Introduction ...197
The Main Light ...198
The Fill Light ...199
The Background Light ...200
The Rim Light ...201
Thinking About Your Photograph ...202

Chapter 9
Displaying & Sharing Photos On—screen ...204

Sending Photos to Others—E—mail ...205
Sending Photos to Others—Instant Messenger ...207
Sending Photos to Others—Peer—to—peer Photo Sharing ...208
Slide Shows—On the TV ...209
Slide Shows—On the Computer Screen ...212
Slide Shows—Editing & Polishing ...213
File Formats—The Final Payoff ...217
Slide Shows—Digital Projectors ...218
Slide Shows—Digital Picture Frames ...220
Publishing Your Photos—eBooks ...224
Publishing Your Photos—Photo Sharing Sites ...227
Publishing Your Photos—Your Own Web Site ...231
Publishing Your Photos—Photo Blogs ...233
Publishing Your Photos—RSS ...235
Entertaining Yourself—Wallpaper or Desktop Background Managers ...236
Entertaining Yourself—Screen Savers ...237
Mapping Your Photos ...238

Chapter 10
Displaying & Sharing Printed Photos ...241

How Color Photographs are Printed ...242
Making Prints—On—line ...244
Making Prints—for Profit ...246
Making Prints—Locally ...247
Making Prints—Do—it—yourself ...248
Inkjets—Printing Paper ...252
Inkjets—Inks ...257
Inkjets—Archival Issues ...258
Mating & Mounting Prints ...259
Framing, Hanging & Storing Prints ...261
Photo Books—Do It Yourself ...263
Photo Books—Having Them Done ...265
Scrapbooks ...268
Photos on Fabrics ...269
Photos on Smooth Surfaces ...271
Photo Gifts and Novelties ...272
Laser—Etching and Fired Ceramics ...274

Chapter 11
Beyond the Still Image ...275

Panoramic Photography ...276
Stereo Photography ...279
Animations ...282
Shooting Movies ...284
Panning & Zooming Still Photographs ...285
Morphing ...286
Lenticular Photography-Prints that Move ...287
Flipbooks—Handheld Animations ...289
Photographing in Black & White and Infrared ...290
Night Vision ...292
Pin Hole Photography ...294

Using this Text in the Classroom

PhotoCourse.com was established by ShortCourses.com to develop and publish high-quality, extremely affordable materials in digital photography for both classroom and independent study. With photography texts from traditional publishers exceeding $80, it is time to try a new approach more attuned to the digital era-full-color, animated, fully searchable PDF eTextsT that can be displayed on any computer using Adobe's free Acrobat reader. eTexts and PDF files are slowly but surely revolutionizing the publishing and printing businesses in many ways including the following:
  • Timeliness. Since large quantities of inventory aren't required, materials can be revised and updated as needed instead of on a fixed schedule every 2 or 3 years. In a rapidly evolving field such as digital photography these frequent revisions are often required to keep materials up to date.
  • Distribute and print. Textbook publishers work on a print and distribute basis. This means they take enormous risks, tie up millions of dollars of capital, and bear marketing, sales, warehouse, shipping, and billing costs. All of these costs are passed on to students or their parents. The emerging model, used by this eText, is called distribute and print. Using this model, materials are distributed around the world electronically and then printed where needed.
  • Print on demand. Instead of printing large quantities, the print on demand model is to print materials only when needed-in this case students and instructors only print the pages or chapters that are being studied at the moment. No one has to carry a backpack full of books, and if materials get lost or damaged, you just print another copy.
  • Linked learning resources. The eText edition of this text acts as a central hub connecting you to other learning resources on the Internet. Throughout the eTextT you can click buttons to access resources stored on the PhotoCourse.com Web site. To access these resources you need an Internet connection.
    • Animation buttons link to over 80 animations. If you are using the print edition of this text you can access the animations at www.photocourse.com/itext/pdf/pdf.pdf.
    • Extension buttons link you to PDF files or Excel worksheets that expand on the topic in which you find them.
Be sure to frequently visit the PhotoCourse Web site (www.photocourse.com) for an up-to-date listing of what's available. For additional information on digital photography, visit the publisher's Web site at www.shortcourses.com.

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